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Jeannette Expedition
The ''Jeannette'' expedition of 1879–81, officially the U.S. Arctic Expedition, was an attempt led by George W. De Long to reach the North Pole by pioneering a route from the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait. The premise was that a temperate current, the Kuro Siwo, flowed northwards into the strait, providing a gateway to an Open Polar Sea and thus to the pole. This current proved illusory; the expedition's ship, USS ''Jeannette'', was trapped by ice and drifted for nearly two years before she was crushed and sunk, north of the Siberian coast. De Long then led his men on a perilous journey by boat and sled to the Lena Delta on the Siberian coast. After weeks of wandering in the Arctic wastes, less than half the ship's complement of 33 were saved; De Long was among those who did not survive.
The chief exponent of the theory of a warm-water gateway to the North Pole was the German cartographer, August Petermann. He encouraged James Gordon Bennett, Jr., the proprietor of the ''New York Herald'', to finance a polar expedition based on the untried Pacific route. Bennett acquired a former Royal Navy gunboat, the ''Pandora'', and changed her name to ''Jeannette''. De Long, whom Bennett chose to lead the expedition, was a serving naval officer with previous Arctic experience. Although essentially a private venture, in which Bennett paid all the bills, the expedition had the full support of the U.S. Government. Before departure the ship was officially commissioned into the U.S. Navy, and sailed under navy laws and discipline.
''Jeannette's'' long drift and fate demolished the long-standing popular theory of the Open Polar Sea. The expedition discovered new islands—the Ostrova De-Longa—and provided valuable meteorological and oceanographic data. In 1884 the appearance of debris from the ''Jeannette'' wreck on the south-west coast of Greenland proved the existence of an east-to-west Arctic current, and led Fridtjof Nansen to mount his ''Fram'' expedition nine years later. A monument to the ''Jeannette'' dead was erected at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, in 1890.
==Background==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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